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César  Méndez
  • Camino Puerto Aysén KM 4,5 (sector El Arenal), Coyhaique, Chile
The procurement of high-quality lithic resources is amongst the most indicative processes of decision-making in the archaeology of early human groups peopling the Americas. Directly dated deposits from quarry workshops have been absent of... more
The procurement of high-quality lithic resources is amongst the most indicative processes of decision-making in the archaeology of early human groups peopling the Americas. Directly dated deposits from quarry workshops have been absent of the late Pleistocene record of South America. We present the results of the excavations of a high-quality translucent quartz crystal workshop that yielded radiocarbon-dated coherently layered stratigraphic deposits that shed light into the behavior of the initial stages of lithic procurement. Based on a detailed analysis of the context of the Valiente site (32˚S, Chile, South America), we discuss the stages of bifacial production of point technology. The deposit produced evidence of cumulative occupations over the period between 12,630 and 11,320 calibrated years before present. This ~1,300-year span is coincidental with a major environmental step-wise drying trend as indicated by the local and regional pollen records. Furthermore, it is synchronous to the process in which natural landscapes became the earliest taskscapes in the region, thereby encompassing major cultural changes related to the organization of the land use. These results are discussed in the frame of contemporaneous archaeological data to discuss specific aspects of technology and decision-making of the earliest settlers of South America.
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Kuzminsky, S. O. Reyes, B. Arriaza, C. Méndez, V.G. Standen, M. San Román, I. Muñoz, Á. Durán Herrera, M. Hubbe 2018. Investigating Cranial Morphological Variation of Early Human Skeletal Remains from Chile: A 3D Geometric Morphometric... more
Kuzminsky, S. O. Reyes, B. Arriaza, C. Méndez, V.G. Standen, M. San Román, I. Muñoz, Á. Durán Herrera, M. Hubbe 2018. Investigating Cranial Morphological Variation of Early Human Skeletal Remains from Chile: A 3D Geometric Morphometric Approach. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 165: 223–237.
Central Western Patagonia (CWP) is a key area for assessing long-distance procurement of high-quality obsidians throughout the Holocene given that almost all relevant types represented in the archaeological record are exotic to this... more
Central Western Patagonia (CWP) is a key area for assessing long-distance procurement of high-quality obsidians throughout the Holocene given that almost all relevant types represented in the archaeological record are exotic to this region. By using surface and stratigraphic obsidian artifacts from archaeological sites compared to standards from known sources in Patagonia, this paper discusses the spatial and
temporal distribution of this lithic material. Sampling was oriented to assemblages from deposits with radiocarbon-based time frames (10,700-300 cal BP). This paper presents geochemical (ICP-MS) analyses of 178 samples from 58 archaeological sites at 11 surveyed areas located along the Pacific coast, the Andean forest, and eastern steppe. Out of six potential sources, the Chaiten Volcano source (Los Lagos Region, Chile) dominates exclusively the occurrence of obsidians along the coastal fringe, while the Pampa del Asador source (PDA, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina) largely dominates (86% of samples) obsidian in the eastern steppe and the forest/steppe ecotone. This broad distribution is explained by the presence of the densely forested Andean mountain range acting as a biogeographical barrier. East of the Andes, we recorded an absolute dominance of PDA south of 45 30S, while more variability prevailed north of this point. The highest diversity of obsidians was recorded in the Cisnes River valley, probably because it is located closer to other alternative northern sources (Telsen/Sierra Negra, Sacanana and Angostura Blanca, all in Chubut Province, Argentina) and because it also hosts a local low-quality obsidian type. Based on this distribution, we discuss obsidian procurement behaviors by considering obsidian frequency and tool/debitage-class representation with increasing distance. We use the analysis of fall-off curves based on the distance of studied locations from the sources and include the use of leastcost paths for providing the most likely procurement routes. No obsidian diversification was recorded during the Holocene, hence the main driver for its procurement seems to be the distance from the source rather than the antiquity of its knowledge. Alternative procurement behaviors are discussed, specifically direct acquisition, exchange, and/or sporadic visits as mechanisms for explaining the archaeological patterns throughout the Holocene .
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Méndez, C., A. Nuevo Delaunay, O. Reyes, I.L. Ozán, C. Belmar, P. López 2017. The initial peopling of Central Western Patagonia (southernmost South America): late Pleistocene through Holocene site context and archaeological assemblages... more
Méndez, C., A. Nuevo Delaunay, O. Reyes, I.L. Ozán, C. Belmar, P. López 2017. The initial peopling of Central Western Patagonia (southernmost South America): late Pleistocene through Holocene site context and archaeological assemblages from Cueva de la Vieja site. Quaternary International 473B: 261-277.
Méndez, C., O. Reyes, A. Nuevo Delaunay, E. Latorre 2017. Chenques en el centro oeste de Patagonia (Holoceno tardío final, valle de Ñirehuao, 45° S, Chile). Chungara, Revista de Antropología Chilena En prensa. (ISI) (FONDECYT 1130128).
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Reyes, O., C. Méndez, M. San Román, J. Francois 2017. Earthquakes and coastal archaeology: assessing shoreline shifts on the Southernmost Pacific Coast (Chonos Archipelago 43°50’ - 46°50’ S, Chile, South America). Quaternary... more
Reyes, O., C. Méndez, M. San Román, J. Francois 2017. Earthquakes and coastal archaeology: assessing shoreline shifts on the Southernmost Pacific Coast (Chonos Archipelago 43°50’ - 46°50’ S, Chile, South America). Quaternary International. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.10.001 (ISI) (Producto del proyecto FONDECYT 1130151).

Subduction, isostatic rebound, and changes in global sea levels, combined with the last glaciation, have shaped the geography of the channels of Western Patagonia. Current archaeological research in this area includes some ten sites that allow us to characterize the occupation of this territory by marine hunter-gatherers. The studied archaeological sites also inform about the various geomorphological changes that the coastline has undergone. Archives dating back six thousand years ago and archaeological contexts yield new insights about the location, distribution, and position of the shoreline and its changes over time. We present a set of data, including new sites and AMS radiocarbon determinations, which supports the hypothesis that landforms have risen or subsided, and provide the bases for a working model in which archaeological ages can inform the chronology of changes in the region's coastal morphology. This paper suggest that human occupations between 6200 and 4400 cal BP recorded on high terraces of the Guiatecas Archipelago indicate higher local sea-levels, while the sites immediately on the waterfront are 2000 years younger. On the other hand, sites younger than 3300 cal BP on the modern coastline of the Chonos archipelago undergo permanent shaping, mainly due to local tectonics affecting vertical movement. Considering previously published and new data provided in this paper, we suggest preliminary uplift rates between 0.57 and 5.42 m/ka for the Guaitecas Archipelago, 0.31–1.48 m/ka for the northern sector of the Chonos Archipelago, and 0.85 m/ka in the central sector.
Multidisciplinary research in fire dynamics in the Patagonian-Andean region is incipient. In this review, we synthesize archaeological, anthropological, paleo-, dendro- and neoecological projects on past climate-human-fire-vegetation... more
Multidisciplinary research in fire dynamics in the Patagonian-Andean region is incipient. In this review, we synthesize archaeological, anthropological, paleo-, dendro- and neoecological projects on past climate-human-fire-vegetation dynamics to establish ecological benchmarks to burning over time.
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The forest-steppe ecotone of the eastern slope of the Andes in Central Western Patagonia (43° 40 ′ –49° 15 ′ S, Chile, South America) provides a unique area for assessing long and short term dynamics between humans and past environments.... more
The forest-steppe ecotone of the eastern slope of the Andes in Central Western Patagonia (43° 40 ′ –49° 15 ′ S, Chile, South America) provides a unique area for assessing long and short term dynamics between humans and past environments. Central Western Patagonia was a demographically marginal zone inhabited intermittently and with low intensity by hunter-gatherers during the Holocene. This paper adopts a novel approach in order to assess the relationship between trends in the archeological, pollen, and charcoal records. The recognition of temporal and spatial scales in both archeology and paleoecology is crucial for defining roles in paleofire records. The main goal of the paper is to assess the role of climate and human beings as potential ignitors of wildfires by acknowledging the scales in which they operate and the different roles either one played in paleofire trends. We investigated a case study in the Cisnes River Valley (CRV) where the frequencies and magnitudes of fire episodes—reconstructed from macro-charcoal particles from the Lake Shaman intermoraine sequence—can be attributed to human action, while acknowledging the driving role of climate over broader time scales. The Lake Shaman charcoal record spanning the last 19,000 cal years is compared to the archeological record starting at 11,500 cal years BP. After comparing paleofires, reconstructed from the charcoal record, with peaks and troughs in the radiocarbon record and archeological evidence at local and site scales, we argue that this approach provides insights for assessing the timing and magnitude of human effects on the environment. We examine collation and correlation scenarios for comparative trends between the archeological, pollen, and charcoal records. The correlation of occupational events at the El Chueco 1 archeological site and other sites along the CRV with the results obtained at Lake Shaman is suggestive of a combination of human agency and climate drivers in the occurrence of fires during most of the Holocene.
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Building on previous research at smaller scales, in this paper we assemble paleoecological data and archaeological time-series for deserts located in three latitudinal bands along the South American Arid Diagonal (16°–41°S, 1,236,000 km 2... more
Building on previous research at smaller scales, in this paper we assemble paleoecological data and archaeological time-series for deserts located in three latitudinal bands along the South American Arid Diagonal (16°–41°S, 1,236,000 km 2 of area). Diverse proxies suggest the existence of arid and extremely arid conditions in large parts of these deserts. Working with a database composed of 914 archaeological dates falling between the first human presence in each region and 3000 years BP, which produce a minimum number of 578 occupational events, we identify a series of patterns at a macro-regional scale: a robust increase in the temporal signal at the beginning of the mid-Holocene (8000–7600 years BP) followed by two troughs (7600–7200, 6800–6400 years BP) during this period. The spatial scope of the data presented provides an opportunity for disentangling processes of spatial re-localization from actual changes in population size. We present a demographic hypothesis at a macro-regional scale, which suggests the existence of mid-Holocene population bottleneck(s). This hypothesis would account not only for the mid-Holocene troughs, but also for the posterior record of an intense and relatively rapid population growth (release) observed in many regions of the arid diagonal. These mid-Holocene events provide the context for independent trajectories of economic intensification based on different sets of resources-marine foods, camelids, and also probably wetland resources-, some of which lead to domestication processes. These cases occur in association with a tendency towards reduced residential mobility in regions that may have acted as refugia during arid periods of the mid-Holocene. The analysis produces testable expectations for future research at different scales and for different research domains, including human DNA and morphometric evidence. We consider that these issues have a fecund comparative potential, since the analysis of the socio-demographic meaning of archaeological discontinuities in different continents shares a similar conceptual structure.
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César Méndez, Omar Reyes, Amalia Nuevo Delaunay, Héctor Velásquez, Valentina Trejo, Natalie Hormazábal, Marcelo Solari, and Charles R. Stern, 2016. LAS QUEMAS ROCKSHELTER: UNDERSTANDING HUMAN OCCUPATIONS OF ANDEAN FORESTS OF CENTRAL... more
César Méndez, Omar Reyes, Amalia Nuevo Delaunay, Héctor Velásquez, Valentina Trejo, Natalie Hormazábal, Marcelo Solari, and Charles R. Stern, 2016. LAS QUEMAS ROCKSHELTER: UNDERSTANDING HUMAN OCCUPATIONS OF ANDEAN FORESTS OF CENTRAL PATAGONIA (AISÉN, CHILE), SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA. Latin American Antiquity 27(2), 207–226. DOI: 10.7183/1045-6635.27.2.207
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We synthesize lithic evidence from terminal Pleistocene sites in Central Chile (~31-34º S). Quebrada Santa Julia, Valiente, Taguatagua 1 and Taguatagua 2 sites show diverse assemblages, which are not fully understood by a traditional... more
We synthesize lithic evidence from terminal Pleistocene sites in Central Chile (~31-34º S). Quebrada Santa Julia, Valiente, Taguatagua 1 and Taguatagua 2 sites show diverse assemblages, which are not fully understood by a traditional typological approach. This diversity can be better explained due to variations in discard rates, raw material availability, and site function. This approach allows the consideration of early hunter-gatherer occupations as integrated segments of a two-stage evolving use of space/mobility system.
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A review of 14C information for archaeological sites in Chile between 13,000 and 7000 BP assesses the consistency of information on the early settlement of the region. Results explore geographical distribution, contextual reliability,... more
A review of 14C information for archaeological sites in Chile between 13,000 and 7000 BP assesses the consistency of information on the early settlement of the region. Results explore geographical distribution, contextual reliability, repeatability and cultural association of this assemblage of dates. Chronological trends are discussed through the use of averaged calibrated occupational events based on contextual and statistical data. The use of this database constitutes the framework for discussing critical issues such as the first consistent human presence, regional temporal peopling differences, the chronological data supporting consistent use of littoral environments, and the coexistence/interaction of extinct faunas and humans. Research biases and current unsolved questions are raised in order to formulate a future agenda for improving chronological data for the human occupation of the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in Chile.

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This work aims to build a comprehensive isotopic ecology with the ultimate purpose of assessing long-term human diet decision-making by means of stable isotope analysis. We present a set of δ13Ccollagen and δ15Ncollagen isotopic values on... more
This work aims to build a comprehensive isotopic ecology with the ultimate purpose of assessing long-term human diet decision-making by means of stable isotope analysis. We present a set of δ13Ccollagen and δ15Ncollagen isotopic values on the main faunal resources from the forest and steppe areas of the Aisén región (Central-Western Patagonia, Chile), in order to characterise their isotopic ranges and assess their consumption by past hunter–gatherer populations. Two sets of bioarchaeological remains are used for this comparison; a 10 200–9700 cal year BP assemblage from Baño Nuevo cave and a 1600–300 cal year BP assemblage gathered at different locations throughout Aisén. Isotopic signals from both assemblages indicate diets based on the consumption of protein provided by terrestrial mammals from steppe environments and no long-term signature of forest-resource consumption. On the other hand, the earlier group shows values that may indicate a wider dietary breadth, although this observation is preliminary. These results further suggest that the use of forests and the resources they provided, although visible through the zooarchaeological record (i.e. taxa represented at sites), must have been discontinuous and, perhaps, marginal in comparison with steppe regions.
This article discusses the distribution of radiocarbon age signatures obtained from archeological sites between 29° and 35° S in Central Chile and Midwest Argentina. The goal of this analysis is to establish bases from which to interpret... more
This article discusses the distribution of radiocarbon age signatures obtained from archeological sites between 29° and 35° S in Central Chile and Midwest Argentina. The goal of this analysis is to establish bases from which to interpret regional trends in the distribution of the archaeological record that connect these areas, which have been traditionally considered to be geographically decoupled. We propose a standardized methodology for selecting ages that provide a reliable human signature. Variations in date frequencies in a regional scale are discussed with the use of summed probability distributions. Radiocarbon voids at the regional level previously identified in Midwest Argentina are explored. Regional chronological information is compared to the available paleoenvironmental records, thereby emphasizing the possible role of climate pulses in the spatial organization of human populations. Significant arid conditions between 7800 and 5700 cal BP are coincidental with a focused occupation of the Andes Mountains, area which may have offered stable resources; thus more effectively occupied when compared to other environmental bands.
Keywords: radiocarbon dates; climate change; human paleoecology; hunter-gatherers; mid-Holocene; Subtropical Andes.
Jackson, D., C. Méndez, M. de Saint Pierre, G. Politis, E. Aspillaga. 2015. Direct dates and mtDNA from Late Pleistocene human skeletons from South America: a comment on Chatters et al. 2014. PaleoAmerica (1)3: 213-216. DOI... more
Jackson, D., C. Méndez, M. de Saint Pierre, G. Politis, E. Aspillaga. 2015. Direct dates and mtDNA from Late Pleistocene human skeletons from South America: a comment on Chatters et al. 2014. PaleoAmerica (1)3: 213-216. DOI 10.1179/2055557115Y.0000000004

In a recent paper in the journal Science (2014, Vol. 344, pp. 750-754), J. Chatters and colleagues present a new early human skeleton from the Yucatan, Mexico, considering it in the context of eight other early ‘Paleoamerican’ individuals—all from North America—that previously yielded ancient genetic evidence and/or direct radiocarbon ages. Despite including the archaeological site of Monte Verde II, Chile, in their discussion, we were alarmed that the authors otherwise ignored the South American record, presenting a map with the southern continent being devoid of PaleoAmerican human remains. We felt it important to remind our North American  colleagues that South America has produced numerous directly dated human skeletal remains that are as old as the ones cited by Chatters and colleagues for North America, and that several of these have actually yielded mitochondrial (mt) DNA. Significant implications can be derived from this radiocarbon, bioanthropological, and mtDNA dataset, especially considering the antiquity of the earliest human populations and process of peopling of the New World.
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Méndez, C., O. Reyes 2015 Archaeology near the southern Ice-End. Current advances in human interdisciplinary research at central Western Patagonia. SAA Archaeological Record 15(3): 21-26.
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Contreras, C., C. Méndez y O. Reyes 2016. Tecnología lítica de cazadores recolectores en la estepa aysenina. Gestión de recursos y organización espacial en los valles de los ríos Cisnes y Simpson. Magallania 44(1): 167-185 (ISI)... more
Contreras, C., C. Méndez  y O. Reyes 2016. Tecnología lítica de cazadores recolectores en la estepa aysenina. Gestión de recursos y organización espacial en los valles de los ríos Cisnes y Simpson. Magallania 44(1): 167-185 (ISI) (Producto del proyecto FONDECYT 1130128).

RESUMEN Se presenta un análisis comparativo de las ocupaciones de cazadores recolectores en los sectores estepáricos altos de dos valles de la región de Aysén, correspondientes a las cuencas de los ríos Simpson y Cisnes. El estudio se basa en el análisis de materiales líticos hallados en sitios superficiales a cielo abierto. Se evalúan las características tecnológicas y la función de los conjuntos líticos mencionados y se consideran las reconstrucciones ambientales disponibles para ambos sectores. Se discute el aprovechamiento y gestión de los recursos líticos que conforman la oferta local, para dar luces respecto de la organización espacial de los grupos humanos que ocuparon estos espacios durante el Holoceno tardío. PALABRAS CLAVE: tecnología lítica, gestión de recursos, organización espacial. ABSTRACT We present a comparative analysis of hunter-gatherer occupations at the upper steppe portions of two valleys in the Aysén region, namely the Simpson and Cisnes basins. The study is based on the analysis of lithic materials located in the surface of open-air sites. We assess the technological characteristics and the function of the lithic assemblages and consider the available environmental reconstructions for each zone. The paper discusses the use and management of local lithic resources, in order to shed light on the spatial organization of the groups that occupied these areas during the late Holocene.
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Presentamos los resultados de la investigación arqueológica de un sitio fechado hacia el Holoceno Medio en los Andes del Norte Semiárido de Chile. La escasez de este tipo de evidencias pone de relieve la importancia de dar cuenta cabal... more
Presentamos los resultados de la investigación arqueológica de un sitio fechado hacia el Holoceno Medio en los Andes del Norte Semiárido de Chile. La escasez de este tipo de evidencias pone de relieve la importancia de dar cuenta cabal del contexto estudiado y los conjuntos ahí recuperados. Las características del sitio como una estación de tareas de tipo avistadero hacen que Techo Negro se integre de forma significativa al conjunto de información regional disponible y permite confrontarla con el actual estado de algunos modelos de ocupación que incluyen la distribución diferencial de sitios y los cambios ambientales a escala de milenios. Palabras claves: uso del espacio, ocupaciones de cordones montañosos, Holoceno Medio, Norte Semiárido de Chile.

We present the results of the archaeological research of a site dated to the Mid Holocene in the Andes in a Northern Semiarid region of Chile. The paucity of this type of evidence underscores the importance of fully describing the studied context and the assemblages recovered therein. The characteristics of the site as a logistic hunting stand type station integrate Techo Negro (black roof) significantly to the available regional information and allows confronting it with the current state of some models of occupation that include the differential distribution of sites and environmental changes on a millennial scale.
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Este trabajo presenta los resultados del análisis del material lítico de un sitio de aprovisionamiento de rocas localizado en un aflora-miento de brecha hidrotermal en el sector del Alto Río Cisnes, Región de Aysén. A partir del estudio... more
Este trabajo presenta los resultados del análisis del material lítico de un sitio de aprovisionamiento de rocas localizado en un aflora-miento de brecha hidrotermal en el sector del Alto Río Cisnes, Región de Aysén. A partir del estudio de las estrategias tecnológicas empleadas en la producción de artefactos de La Cantera 1, se discute el rol de este sitio como fuente de materias primas líticas y su relación con otros sitios de características similares en el área de estudio. Se plantea que en el sitio la Cantera 1 los ocupantes anticiparon la presencia de materias primas, y que este sitio se utilizó tanto para el aprovisionamiento de materias primas como para el procesamiento de otros materiales. Palabras claves: aprovisionamiento lítico, cantera-taller, estrategia expeditiva, Aysén.

This paper presents the results of the analysis of lithic material collected at a rock-procurement site located on a hydrothermal breccia outcrop in the area of the Upper Cisnes River, Aysén Region. Based on the study of the technological strategies used in the production of artifacts in La Cantera 1, we discuss the role of this site as a lithic raw material source and its relation to other sites of similar characteristics within the study area. We propose that in La Cantera 1 site, occupants anticipated the presence of raw materials, and that this site was used not only for lithic procurement, but also for on-site processing.
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Escudero, A., F. Villela, C. Dávila, A. Troncoso, C. Méndez, P. López, 2016. Early Holocene Inland Occupation in the Semiarid North of Chile. PaleoAmerica. DOI 10.1080/20555563.2015.1137678
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Reyes, O., M. Moraga, C. Méndez and A. Cherkinsky 2015. Maritime Hunter-Gatherers in the Chonos Archipelago (43°50’ - 46°50’ S), Western Patagonian Channels. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology. DOI: 10.1080/15564894.2014.1001920.
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Reyes, O., C. Méndez, F. Mena y M. Moraga 2012.The bioanthropological evidence of a ca. 10,000 CALYBP ten-individual group from Central Patagonia. En: Southbound: Late Pleistocene peopling of Latin America, editado por L. Miotti, M.... more
Reyes, O., C. Méndez, F. Mena y M. Moraga 2012.The bioanthropological evidence of a ca. 10,000 CALYBP ten-individual group from Central Patagonia. En: Southbound: Late Pleistocene peopling of Latin America, editado por L. Miotti, M. Salemme, N. Flegenheimer y T. Goebel, pp 39-44. Center for the Study of the First Americans, College Station.
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Méndez C. y D. Jackson 2012. Procuring Quartz Crystal in Latest-Pleistocene/Early-Holocene Sites in Northern Semiarid and Mediterranean-Central, Chile. En: Southbound: Late Pleistocene peopling of Latin America, editado por L. Miotti, M.... more
Méndez C. y D. Jackson 2012. Procuring Quartz Crystal in Latest-Pleistocene/Early-Holocene Sites in Northern Semiarid and Mediterranean-Central, Chile. En: Southbound: Late Pleistocene peopling of Latin America, editado por L. Miotti, M. Salemme, N. Flegenheimer y T. Goebel, pp 79-82. Center for the Study of the First Americans, College Station.
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Stern, C., C. Pérez de Micou, A. Castro y C. Méndez 2013. Circulación de Obsidianas en Patagonia Central-Sur entre 44 y 46°S (Chubut, Argentina, y Aisén, Chile). En: Tendencias teórico-metodológicas y casos de estudio en la arqueología de... more
Stern, C., C. Pérez de Micou, A. Castro y C. Méndez 2013. Circulación de Obsidianas en Patagonia Central-Sur entre 44 y 46°S (Chubut, Argentina, y Aisén, Chile). En: Tendencias teórico-metodológicas y casos de estudio en la arqueología de la Patagonia, editado por A.F. Zangrando, R. Barberena, A. Gil, G. Neme, M. Giardina, L. Luna, C. Otaola, S. Paulides, L. Salgán y A. Tivoli., pp. 245-250.  Museo de Historia Natural de San Rafael-Sociedad Argentina de Antropología-Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano, Buenos Aires. (FONDECYT 1090027).
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Méndez, C., O. Reyes, V. Trejo y A. Nuevo Delaunay 2013. Ocupación humana de alto río Simpson, Aisén (margen occidental de la estepa de Patagonia Central) como caso para medir la intensidad de uso de espacios. En: Tendencias... more
Méndez, C., O. Reyes, V. Trejo y A. Nuevo Delaunay 2013. Ocupación humana de alto río Simpson, Aisén (margen occidental de la estepa de Patagonia Central) como caso para medir la intensidad de uso de espacios. En: Tendencias teórico-metodológicas y casos de estudio en la arqueología de la Patagonia, editado por A.F. Zangrando, R. Barberena, A. Gil, G. Neme, M. Giardina, L. Luna, C. Otaola, S. Paulides, L. Salgán y A. Tivoli., pp. 193-201.  Museo de Historia Natural de San Rafael-Sociedad Argentina de Antropología-Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano, Buenos Aires. (FONDECYT 1090027).
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A coastal route for the initial peopling of the Americas has been debated for over 30 years. Nevertheless, evidence supporting this coastal dispersal is often elusive, especially bioanthropological data. Here we report archaeological... more
A coastal route for the initial peopling of the Americas has been debated for over 30 years. Nevertheless, evidence supporting this coastal dispersal is often elusive, especially bioanthropological data. Here we report archaeological human remains directly dated to ca. 11,200 cal BP from the semiarid north coast of Chile (31° S), supporting an early coastal settlement along the Pacific Coast. 15N stable isotope analyses of these remains indicate that the individual relied primarily on marine resources, suggesting coastal dwelling rather than seasonal rounds that included sporadic exploitation of littoral resources. When placed in a regional context, our results suggest that marine resources were important to the subsistence of some groups during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition.
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Chronological based data for Early Holocene obsidian transport are not abundant for sites in continental Patagonia. We present ICP-MS analyses of obsidian samples from two well-dated stratified cave archaeological deposits in the steppe... more
Chronological based data for Early Holocene obsidian transport are not abundant for sites in continental Patagonia. We present ICP-MS analyses of obsidian samples from two well-dated stratified cave archaeological deposits in the steppe plains of the Aisén region (Chile) and discuss the implications of this data for constraining temporal trends in technological decisions related to hunter-gatherers mobility and use of space. The evidence presented suggests that recurrent obsidian circulation routes were established in central-south Patagonia at the onset of the Holocene.

Los datos con fundamento cronológico para el transporte de obsidiana durante el Holoceno Temprano en Patagonia continental son escasos. Presentamos análisis de ICP-MS en muestras de obsidiana de dos depósitos arqueológicos estratificados bien fechados bajo reparo en las planicies esteparias de la región de Aisén (Chile) y discutimos las implicancias de estos datos para precisar las tendencias temporales de las decisiones tecnológicas relacionadas a la movilidad y uso del espacio de cazadores recolectores. La evidencia presentada sugiere que fue con el inicio del Holoceno que las rutas recurrentes de circulación de obsidianas se
establecieron en Patagonia centro sur.
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Water availability in the semiarid western coast of Chile (30–32°S) is conditioned by high interannual precipitation variability, reflecting the rtansition between arid subtropical and moist mid-latitude climates in the Southeastern... more
Water availability in the semiarid western coast of Chile (30–32°S) is conditioned by high interannual precipitation variability, reflecting the rtansition between arid subtropical and moist mid-latitude climates in the Southeastern Pacific Ocean. A paleoclimate reconstruction based on the latest Pleistocene–Holocene geological record from the Quebrada Santa Julia archeological site in Chile (31°50′S) and on modern meteorological mechanisms producing alluvial episodes in this region indicates a major change in the rainfall regime shortly after 8600 cal yr BP. This, together with other paleoclimate proxies along the west coast of South America (34°–14°S), suggests La Niña-like conditions 13,000–8600 cal yr BP. Based on sedimentological and geomorphologic evidence, we hypothesized that the absence of heavy rainfall events in northern Chile and the new hydrological regime that prevailed ca. 8600–5700 cal yr BP in north-central Chile resulted froman increase in the large-scale westerly flow over central Chile, as expected in near-neutral ENSO conditions. This atmospheric circulation anomaly is compatible with an equatorward shift of the influence of the Southeast Pacific Subtropical Anticyclone relative to the early Holocene, prior to the onset of modern ENSO variability.

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Libro de difusión científica de investigaciones arqueológicas desarrolladas en Combarbalá, producto final del proyecto FONDART Regional Folio #473357,  proyecto financiado por el CNCA año 2017.
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Méndez, C. 2015. Los primeros andinos. Tecnología lítica de los habitantes del centro de Chile trece mil años atrás. Colección Estudios Andinos 16, Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima. ISBN:... more
Méndez, C. 2015. Los primeros andinos. Tecnología lítica de los habitantes del centro de Chile trece mil años atrás. Colección Estudios Andinos 16, Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima. ISBN: 978-612-317-151-3. 251 pp.
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Paginas_de_Los_primeros_andinos_16__final_27_01_15.pdf
comentario_santoro.pdf
Jackson, D., R. Seguel, C. Méndez, A. Maldonado, I. Murillo, L. Núñez 2014. Geoarqueología en ambientes costeros y paisajes patrimoniales de la costa del Choapa. Guía de campo: II Taller de Geoarqueología de América Latina, editado por:... more
Jackson, D., R. Seguel, C. Méndez, A. Maldonado, I. Murillo, L. Núñez 2014. Geoarqueología en ambientes costeros y paisajes patrimoniales de la costa del Choapa. Guía de campo: II Taller de Geoarqueología de América Latina, editado por: R. Seguel y D. Jackson. 125 pp. (Producto del proyecto FONDECYT 1140824).
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Reportaje a Martín Montecino, Presidente del Consejo Superior de Ciencia, CONICYT (Chile). Mención Proyecto FONDECYT 1130128.
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15 de diciembre a las 18:00 hrs. Auditorio Edificio Sur Facultad de Ciencias Sociales Universidad de Chile Av. Ignacio Carrera Pinto 1045, Ñuñoa, Santiago. Programa: Comentario libro: Comunidades Prehispanas de Chile Central.... more
15 de diciembre  a las 18:00 hrs.
Auditorio Edificio Sur
Facultad de Ciencias Sociales
Universidad de Chile
Av. Ignacio Carrera Pinto 1045, Ñuñoa, Santiago.

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Comentario libro: Comunidades Prehispanas de Chile Central. Organización social e ideología (0-1200 d.C.) a cargo de la Dra. Leonor Adán (Universidad Austral)

Comentario libro : Los Primeros Andinos. Tecnología lítica de los habitantes de Chile trece mil años atrás a cargo de la Dra. Fabiana Martin (Universidad de Magallanes)
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Entrevista a César Méndez, Arqueólogo por Cristina Mirallas
http://www.aldiaconespanaychile.com/cesar-mendez-arqueologo_70/
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Journalist Richard Garcia at El Mercurio, October 30th, 2014
Periodista richard García de El mercurio, el 30 de Octubre de 2014
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Journalist Richard García, Monday, October 27, 2014 at El Mercurio
Periodista Richard García, el lunes 27 de Octubre de 2014 en El Mercurio
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Journalist Richard García, Tuesday, October 10, 2014 at El Mercurio
Periodista Richard García, Martes 10 de Octubre de 2014 en El Mercurio
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Presentación del equipo de trabajos interdisciplinarios de Aisén 2014
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Demographic processes are of special interest in the study of human dynamics throughout space and time, and for many different disciplines other than geography (e.g., biology, genetics, and historical sciences) (Vaupel and Kohler 2000;... more
Demographic processes are of special interest in the study of human dynamics throughout space and time, and for many different disciplines other than geography (e.g., biology, genetics, and historical sciences) (Vaupel and Kohler 2000; Chamberlain 2006). Although this kind of processes have always been in the background of the archaeological agenda (Borrero 1989), addressing them has become increasingly important during the last twenty years since radiocarbon databases began to offer high-resolution chronology for large regions. Ever since the seminal publication of John Rick (1987) radiocarbon dates, and over the last years, chiefly summed probability plots produced with radiocarbon data, have been used as proxy record of prehistoric occupations (Williams 2012) and, therefore, as some kind of parameter of large-scale prehistoric population history (Steele 2010). Large databases, together with the increased precision and smaller sample requirements of AMS dating, upgraded the opportunity to utilize 14C data in palaeodemographic analysis (Chamberlain 2006). Extensive datasets became a new and useful resource for modeling the past, and allowed archaeologists to asses a broad spectrum of population dynamic processes such as human migrations (Collard et al. 2010), colonization/population/depopulation processes (Jones and DeWitte 2012; Steele 2010), origin and spread of innovations (Russell et al. 2014, Shennan et al. 2013), intensity of occupations (Fiedel and Kuzmin 2007), and relations between environmental and cultural fluctuations (Michczynska et al. 2007; Gamble et al. 2004), among others. These studies have been coupled with renewed methodological perspectives on how to deal with the formation of the radiocarbon record by addressing issues such as chronometric hygiene and taphonomic loss (Fitzpatrick 2006, Surovell and Brantingham 2007, Williams 2012).
In the case of South America, and more than two decades after the paper by Rick (1987) was published, a special issue of Quaternary International (Bueno et al. 2013) renewed the discussion on the early peopling in light of chronological data from Late Pleistocene-early Holocene sites. Through compiling all the available dates earlier than 7000 BP, that volume offered a complete picture of the current debate on how and when humans reached the different parts of the continent, and also outlined the main interpretative issues and unresolved scientific questions for the archaeology of the region (Bueno et al. 2013). Somehow, the present volume of Quaternary International stands as a continuity of that previous issue. In this case, our focus turned to a narrower spatial scale of the Southern Cone, and the set of papers considered here report on a much broader chronological scale, including case studies in different time frames extending the Holocene period. The papers in question are the outcome of a Symposium held during the spring of 2012 at the XIX Congreso Nacional de Arqueología Chilena held in Arica (Chile) and cover a vast spatial scale, and a wider time frame. Several topics were discussed, among which we can highlight: the reliability of using 14C datasets for paleodemography, comparisons between 14C datasets and environmental trends, the use of thermoluminiscense datasets, and the effect of scientific and taphonomic biases on the regional archaeological signals. Since dates cannot be considered as a straightforward proxy for demography, our aim was to discuss the usefulness of compiling such data for assessing long-term regional trends in human dynamics. This volume offers data for discussing dispersal episodes and demographic models for the Southern Cone of South America, along with providing systematized radiocarbon datasets coupled with geographic information.
The volume consist of ten papers which represent most of the archaeological areas of the Southern Cone of South America: northern Chile (Gayó et al.), Central Chile and Central-West Argentina (Méndez et al.; Falabella et al.), Southern Chile (Campbell and Quiroz), Northeast of Argentina and Southeast of Brasil (Bonomo et al.), Pampas of Argentina (Berón; Martínez et al.), and Patagonia (Barberena et al.; Zubimendi et al.; García Guraieb et al.). A total of 3454 dates, from more than 1280 sites were compiled in the volume as a whole. Authors thoroughly selected dates at different spatial scales and mostly calibrated them with the latest available calibration curve for the Southern Hemisphere (Hogg et al. 2013) with updated calibration programs.
On April 21, 2012, the symposium “Early lithic technologies in South America: Beyond regional projectile point typologies” was held at the 77th annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology (SAA) in Memphis, Tennessee. Seven... more
On April 21, 2012, the symposium “Early lithic technologies in South America: Beyond regional projectile point typologies” was held at the 77th annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology (SAA) in Memphis, Tennessee. Seven articles presented in that symposium are gathered in this special issue of Chungara Revista de Antropología Chilena. Colored by the blues mood of the city and the magnificent smell of Memphis barbecue, it appeared from the start that this session had high aims. Early lithic technological studies in South America and elsewhere for years had been devoted to the description of attributes on specific formal tools and their relations in the axes of time and space. As such, the establishment of projectile point typologies using site provenience data has been a chief orientation in the analyses of the peopling of the Americas. However, these studies are geographically scattered, and currently there are few consistent discussions related to the reliability of specific tool types as temporal or cultural markers. This situation is aggravated by the fact that, contrary to North America, in South America the archaeological record from the Pleistocene to Holocene transition is characterized by apparent greater regional variability in lithic technology. No single projectile point type dominates the continent, most technologies are significant in a regional environmental scope, and many assemblages contain primarily informal short-lived tools. This South American characteristic has been elegantly articulated by Luis Borrero (2006) in his: “Paleoindians without Mammoths and Archaeologists without Projectile Points?” article. Thus far, the early peopling of South America appears as a more diversified process than that of North America, with a marked absence of pan-continental projectile point styles such as Clovis. A major question moving the participants of the session was: What does this greater technological variability signify?
New research from throughout South America prompts a review of existing data and a synthesis of new advances. The SAA session aimed to gather current research on the spatial distribution and chronological associations of early lithic assemblages, regional raw material selection and procurement practices, differential representation of reduction sequences/stages at sites, possible relationships between bifacial assemblages and other designs, and the roles of early lithic technologies in subsistence and settlement patterns. Speakers from different countries gathered in order to shed light on regional variability and to illustrate different methodological approaches. Each participant or group of participants presented their up-to-date syntheses of regional lithic technological research problems and ways in which they have worked to solve them.
The second major achievement was to collect the symposium contributions into this Chungara issue. In order to encourage greater interaction, papers have been written in English and Spanish, in order to promote dialogue among those working on lithic technological problems in South America, North America, and elsewhere. We acknowledge the commentaries of the two symposium discussants, Nora Franco and David Anderson, who have kindly agreed to contribute to this number.
The original impetus for the SAA session and this number has been creating venues for sharing current developments and thinking on the early peopling of South America. Gathering together researchers from a wide variety of places, disciplinary traditions, and experiences has been motivated by the idea of listening to each other and writing down our results. After all, those of us working on the early settlement of America are united by one of the colonized places on earth.
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Méndez, C. y S. Arensburg. 2015. ¿Qué se evalúa cuando se evalúa? Reflexiones desde el estado actual de la producción académica de las Ciencias Sociales. En: ¿Qué se evalúa cuando se evalúa?, pp 13-21, editado por S. Arensburg. Social... more
Méndez, C. y S. Arensburg. 2015. ¿Qué se evalúa cuando se evalúa? Reflexiones desde el estado actual de la producción académica de las Ciencias Sociales. En: ¿Qué se evalúa cuando se evalúa?, pp 13-21, editado por S. Arensburg. Social Ediciones, Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
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La arqueología de los bosques andinos de Patagonia occidental se ha basado principalmente en el estudio de sitios bajo reparo rocoso, unidades de análisis cuyo carácter permite un registro arqueológico particular fruto del tipo de... more
La arqueología de los bosques andinos de Patagonia occidental se ha basado principalmente en el estudio de sitios bajo reparo rocoso, unidades de análisis cuyo carácter permite un registro arqueológico particular fruto del tipo de actividades ahí conducidas y los procesos de formación que los caracterizan. El valle del río Cisnes (~44° S, Aisén, Chile) es una zona clave para el estudio del uso humano de los bosques, en tanto grupos de cazadores recolectores han ocupado este eje biogeográfico desde hace seis mil años atrás. Sitios bajo reparo como Alero Las Quemas y Alero El Toro constituyen los pocos registros hasta la fecha que unen esta vía de circulación. A partir de nuevos trabajos realizados en la cuenca, se ha podido reconocer localidades a cielo abierto que permiten aportar variabilidad a la forma cómo conocemos el registro arqueológico de este bioma. En este trabajo se presenta el contexto de hallazgo y la caracterización del material lítico del sitio Altos del Moro 2 (CIS079); antecedente inédito de un sitio a cielo abierto en el bosque caducifolio andino de Aisén. Proponemos que este tipo de localidades abre un nuevo campo de trabajo en términos de las características de sus depósitos estratificados y el material en superficie, que nos permite abarcar un conjunto nuevo de interrogantes a la forma cómo entendemos la ocupación de los bosques en Patagonia.
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Se pueden decir muchísimas cosas de Donald Jackson, en tanto dejó una huella en las vidas de tanta gente. Fue un académico completo en todas sus acepciones y un ser humano integral. Permanentemente alegre, solidario, leal y generoso,... more
Se pueden decir muchísimas cosas de Donald Jackson, en tanto dejó una huella en las vidas de tanta gente. Fue un académico completo en todas sus acepciones y un ser humano integral. Permanentemente alegre, solidario, leal y generoso, Donald infundió felicidad y vivió su vida en plenitud; cómo él quiso.
Amante de su Universidad, la casa de estudios y el club deportivo, nunca dejó de tener a <<La Chile>> en su corazón. El vació que deja no sólo es emocional e intelectual, sino que tangible, pues nadie se atreve a dejar de decirle <<el laboratorio de Donald>>, al que fuera su espacio ganado en el Departamento de Antropología. La placa grabada con su nombre afuera de éste es sólo un recuerdo tangible de su presencia en nuestra Universidad.
Muchas serán las historias que nos acordaremos a lo largo del tiempo; como su acercamiento inicial a la arqueología cuando como adolescente participó de los trabajos de Lautaro Núñez en Quereo; o cómo cambió mil veces la historia de cuando perdió una de las falanges de su mano. Recordaremos sin dudas su participación en los Congresos Nacionales y como siempre tuvo tiempo, ganas y disposición para conversar con profesores y alumnos por igual, frente a un problema arqueológico desafiante.
Como formador nunca se desvió de la noción que la enseñanza universitaria debía transmitir la experiencia de investigación, y así organizaba sus clases en función de los problemas que consideraba relevantes. La transmisión de una enseñanza comprometida es la que influyó en muchos de sus alumnos no sólo en la elección de temas, sino que en la orientación de cómo hacerles frente.
Tuvo gran compromiso social, y fue crítico con la arqueología actual y especialmente con la mercantilización de nuestra profesión. Ese rol crítico fue el que inspiró a Donald a enseñar con su ejemplo cómo una arqueología debía ser comprometida a nivel regional, donde la producción de conocimiento publicado era la única vía de concluir el proceso de investigación.
Sin embargo, lo que probablemente resulta más difícil es poder sintetizar su contribución como arqueólogo e investigador. Más allá de la enorme cantidad de artículos publicados de la que fue autor, quisiera comentar que en el proceso de escribirlos, él siempre pensó en apuntar más alto. Continuamente buscó las  implicancias globales de aquello que investigaba y, como le gustaba expresar, no había nada más relevante que la arqueología de Los Vilos. Su vocación genuina era entender que lo que hacía, era realmente lo más significativo. Infundió ese espíritu en todos los que estuvieron a su alrededor. Esta disposición además fue generosa a un nivel superlativo, pues habría que considerar la gran cantidad de coautorías que tuvo con sus estudiantes a lo largo de carrera. No es la oportunidad para definir cuál o cuáles trabajos constituirán su contribución más relevante, cada uno de nosotros fue tocado en alguna dimensión de su productividad y como tal, habrá mucho desde donde elegir.
Algunas aproximaciones muy discutidas en la actualidad, como la interdisciplinariedad, para él nunca fueron tema, sino que el enfoque esperado. No se podía alcanzar el conocimiento humano sino a través de una óptica que considerase, desde sus preguntas, el abordaje de múltiples fuentes de conocimiento, con sus alcances y limitantes. Probablemente una de las cosas que más lo llenaba de orgullo era el pensar deductivamente y que los problemas precedieran los hallazgos arqueológicos. Crítico y autocrítico, Donald Jackson, siempre estuvo en la frontera del conocimiento en arqueología y es impresionante como poseía un espíritu incluso más abierto que el de muchos de los más jóvenes, promoviendo temas novedosos que sólo recién empezamos a visualizar como relevantes.
También Donald Jackson representa a un estirpe de arqueólogos poco replicable, ya que investigó no sólo en el entorno de sus amores, Los Vilos, sino que en México, Radal Siete Tazas, Tierra del Fuego, el Desierto de Atacama, Cuchipuy, y tuvo una opinión crítica del trabajo en otras partes. Entre sus contribuciones transversales más relevantes estuvo haber instaurado una forma sistemática de analizar los conjuntos líticos en Chile, una que integró el valor de lo funcional, la tafonomía, las cadenas operativas y gestos técnicos y las interpretaciones vinculadas a la organización espacial de las poblaciones de cazadores recolectores. Amante de la costa siempre estuvo interesado por las trayectorias humanas en los ambientes litorales, con especial interés en que tan antiguas fueron estas adaptaciones. De ese modo, se volvió un referente para el poblamiento temprano en la arqueología nacional. Más allá de sus trabajos en Los Vilos, Donald Jackson se destacó por su contribución a la interpretación de la ocupación temprana de Tierra del Fuego y Patagonia continental. En sus últimos años, este interés lo llevo ampliar sus horizontes geográficos con colaboraciones en el Norte de Chile, y también a través de contribuciones críticas a nivel sudamericano. Como tal era representante de Chile en la red Orígenes organizada por el Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social.
Quizás una de sus proezas más destacable es haber podido completar la escritura de su tesis doctoral estando ya enfermo. Prueba de esfuerzo y de su tenacidad, uno de los atributos que más valoraba, Donald entregó el manuscrito finalizado de su obra: “El Primer Poblamiento de la Costa Pacífica Sudamericana: El Complejo Huentelauquén”. Esto no sólo representa un ejemplo de su amor por la profesión, sino una enseñanza de actitud frente a la vida para todos los que tuvimos el honor de conocerlo.
Amigo de sus amigos, maestro para sus estudiantes, crítico arqueólogo para sus colegas; me siento honrado de haber podido ser los tres.
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New archaeological studies on South American deserts have produced a fresh perspective on the characteristics and antiquity of the first human presence in these habitats, the continuity of populations over millennia of occupations facing... more
New archaeological studies on South American deserts have produced a fresh perspective on the characteristics and antiquity of the first human presence in these habitats, the continuity of populations over millennia of occupations facing varying degrees of aridity and the possibilities of learning lessons from recent ways of dwelling in deserts. These three topics represent innovative ways in which a new array of research projects have recently managed to assess old and new questions by yielding novel standpoints on previously understudied regions, especially, but not exclusively, in the southern deserts.
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